Those who drank coffee instead of alcohol began the day alert and energized, and not surprisingly, the quality of their work was greatly improved. We like to think of this a precursor to the modern office coffee service. By the midth century, there were over coffee houses in London, many of which attracted like-minded patrons, including merchants, shippers, brokers and artists.
Many businesses grew out of these specialized coffee houses. Though coffee houses rapidly began to appear, tea continued to be the favored drink in the New World until , when the colonists revolted against a heavy tax on tea imposed by King George III.
The revolt, known as the Boston Tea Party, would forever change the American drinking preference to coffee. As demand for the beverage continued to spread, there was fierce competition to cultivate coffee outside of Arabia. The Dutch finally got seedlings in the latter half of the 17th century. Their first attempts to plant them in India failed, but they were successful with their efforts in Batavia, on the island of Java in what is now Indonesia. The plants thrived and soon the Dutch had a productive and growing trade in coffee.
They then expanded the cultivation of coffee trees to the islands of Sumatra and Celebes. In , a young naval officer, Gabriel de Clieu obtained a seedling from the King's plant.
Despite a challenging voyage — complete with horrendous weather, a saboteur who tried to destroy the seedling, and a pirate attack — he managed to transport it safely to Martinique. Even more incredible is that this seedling was the parent of all coffee trees throughout the Caribbean, South and Central America.
The famed Brazilian coffee owes its existence to Francisco de Mello Palheta, who was sent by the emperor to French Guiana to get coffee seedlings. The Turks have a drink of black color, which during the summer is very cooling, whereas in the winter it heats and warms the body, remaining always the same beverage and not changing its substance. One cannot find any meetings among them where they drink it not…. With this drink, which they call cahue , they divert themselves in their conversations….
It is made with the grain or fruit of a certain tree called cahue …. When I return I will bring some with me and I will impart the knowledge to the Italians. At first it was used largely for medicinal purposes; and high prices were charged for it. The first coffee house in Italy is said to have been opened in , but convincing confirmation is lacking. In the beginning, the beverage was sold with other drinks by lemonade-venders.
The Italian word aquacedratajo means one who sells lemonade and similar refreshments; also one who sells coffee, chocolate, liquor, etc. Jardin says the beverage was in general use throughout Italy in It is certain, however, that a coffee shop was opened in Venice in under the Procuratie Nuove. The first authoritative treatise devoted to coffee only appeared in During the latter part of the seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth, the coffee house made great progress in Italy.
The double f is retained by the Italians to this day, and by some writers is thought to have been taken from coffea , without the double f being lost, as in the case of the French and some other Continental forms.
To Italy, then, belongs the honor of having given to the Western world the real coffee house, although the French and Austrians greatly improved upon it. The inquisitors sent a foot-soldier to notify the proprietor that he should inform the first person entering the room that he was to present himself before their tribunal.
The idea was thereupon abandoned. Among other celebrated coffee houses was the one called Menegazzo, from the name of the rotund proprietor, Menico.
This place was much frequented by men of letters; and heated discussions were common there between Angelo Maria Barbaro, Lorenzo da Ponte, and others of their time. The coffee house gradually became the common resort of all classes.
In the mornings came the merchants, lawyers, physicians, brokers, workers, and wandering venders; in the afternoons, and until the late hours of the nights, the leisure classes, including the ladies. Within them, however, joyous throngs passed to and fro, clad in varicolored garments, men and women chatting in groups here and there, and always above the buzz there were to be heard such choice bits of scandal as made worthwhile a visit to the coffee house.
Smaller rooms were devoted to gaming. The other characters of the play were also drawn from the types then to be seen every day in the coffee houses on the Piazza. In the square of St. The last-named was opened in by Giorgio Quadri of Corfu, who served genuine Turkish coffee for the first time in Venice. Probably no coffee house in Europe has acquired so world-wide a celebrity as that kept by Florian, the friend of Canova the sculptor, and the trusted agent and acquaintance of hundreds of persons in and out of the city, who found him a mine of social information and a convenient city directory.
Venetian coffee was said to surpass all others, and the article placed before his visitors by Florian was the best in Venice. Of some of the establishments as they then existed, Molmenti has supplied us with illustrations, in one of which Goldoni the dramatist is represented as a visitor, and a female mendicant is soliciting alms.
So cordial was the esteem of the great sculptor Canova for him, that when Florian was [Pg 29] overtaken by gout, he made a model of his leg, that the poor fellow might be spared the anguish of fitting himself with boots. The friendship had begun when Canova was entering on his career, and he never forgot the substantial services which had been rendered to him in the hour of need. In the Piazza itself girls would do the same thing. It may have started a bit later here, but Americans love coffee just as much as the rest of the world.
By the late s, coffee had become a worldwide commodity, and entrepreneurs began looking for new ways to profit from the popular beverage. The Arbuckle brothers began selling pre-roasted coffee in paper bags by the pound. This blazed the trail for several other big name coffee producers, including Maxwell House and Hills Brothers.
In the s, a certain awareness for specialty coffee started to grow, inspiring the opening of the first Starbucks in Seattle in Today, the grass-roots coffee movement continues to grow with the increase of small independently-owned cafes boasting sustainable, locally roasted, fair trade beans. Coffee has become an artistic trade that is valued for its complexity of flavors and terroir, much like wine.
From a simple cup of black coffee to a complex, multi-adjective Starbucks order, each coffee drinker has their own favorite way of indulging in this caffeinated wonder-drink. Here are six coffee-inspired recipes that will give you some new ways to enjoy this ancient beverage. Simply Recipes: Walnut Mocha Torte. National Geographic Society, n. The History of Coffee Culture in America. Devin Hahn. Smithsonian Media, n. Theodore Roosevelt Association, n. Ponte, Stefano
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